My Literacy Journey Was A Difficult One - 1607 Words

Getting Better The beginning on my literacy journey was a difficult one. Partly because I am dyslexic, and partly because I was not motivated by traditional things. I did not care about reading or writing. I did not want to waste my time with it. Nothing about it interested me. I felt that I was already going to fail at it no matter what. So whats the point? If some lady told you that no matter what you are going to have a hard time reading and writing because thats â€Å"how God made you† would you really be motivated to read and write? She said in that it didn t mean I was not smart, but that I just couldn t read or write as good as everyone else. This lady was the school psychologist, who tested me for learning disabilities in the first grade. After hearing the verdict from her I had no intention of being good at anything that had to do with reading or writing. It was dead to me. When I was young, elementary school age, I started being pulled out of class. I had to go to a â€Å"special† class for all of my English classes. The term â€Å"special class† is bull shit. Special implies that the people there would prefer to be there. Lie. Not a single kind in that class, especially me, wanted to be there. It was not special. It sucked, no one wants to have a hard time reading and writing, every single one of the students would give up their â€Å"special† class for the normal one. I hated it, â€Å"special† class yelled loud and clear to my peers â€Å"Brittney is stupid, she is not normal, she isShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass And Malcolm X Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pageslearning to read and write. Literacy is what allows us to gain knowledge through learning. This topic is important because based on a study conducted by the U.S Department of Education and the National Institution of Literacy, 32 million adults in the U.S are still unable to read and write and African Americans are expected to make up nearly half of th at amount. In both Fredrick Douglass’ â€Å"Learning to Read† and Malcolm X’s â€Å"A Homemade Education,† common themes regarding literacy and freedom are identifiedRead MoreMy Life Of My Mother1475 Words   |  6 PagesLiteracy has always been close to my identity as a person. My mother wanted the best for her children, and therefore would sing and read to us as soon as we were born. She encouraged out love of words and books by taking us to the library for reading time and always seemed to find the most amazing books for us to explore. My mother is very musically gifted, so songs were part of our daily routine. There are still little songs that pop into my head about daily tasks that she created to help usRead MoreLiteracy Is The Common Understanding Of Literacy988 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy can come in almost any category or way you can think of. When most people think of being literate they think of just having the ability to read and write , but being literate can be extended out to a much broader meaning. Being literate can also be defined as being knowledgeable or experienced in any particular area. Most people have a moment they remember as becoming more advanced literately in certain subjects. This remains true for the common understanding of literacy, whether it be aRead MoreLiteracy Is The Foundation Of Education Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesMost individuals have narrow definitions of literacy, considering it to be merely possessing the abilities to read and write, but the definition should be much broader than that. Literacy is the foundation of education. I would define literacies as skills that we are continuously having to improve upon. Without the abilities to read and write, I would have an altered view of the world that I live in and the people who I share it with. Additionally, I would not be able to recognize letters or numbersRead MoreMy Learning Journey On The Bachelor Of Education1522 Words   |   7 PagesYour Learning Journey One of the learning journeys that I have undertaken is enrolling on the Bachelor of Education (Adult) back in 2010. When I started this journey, in the back of my mind, I felt I did not have the intelligence to succeed. So, when in 2010, when my Programme Manager asked me to consider completing the Bachelor of Education (Adult Education) as part of my Professional Development at work, I thought it was a great idea. Of course the ugly head of self-doubt started to manifest inRead MorePersonal Narrative: My Journey to Literacy Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pageson my journey to literacy was my concern over my brother and sister’s ability to read and write including solving math problems. That did not really motivate not to become literate; I was extremely playful as a child. What I am able to remember is my first day of school, I cried like a baby when my mom dropped me off. I soon began to grow out of my baby stage and school became really interesting. Even though it was not as hard as it is now, the value that pushed me to be literate was how my teacherRead MoreMy First Experience On Wordpress953 Words   |  4 Pages and Buzzfeed. With each interface, I had to adapt my own knowledge and understanding to find success within it. Interfaces are rather diverse. These are the programs in which people navigate through in the digital world. WordPress is an interface people can utilize to develop a website revolving around their own interests and ideas. This all gets a little more complicated when we throw Interface Literacy into the mix. Interface Literacy is the ability to take any previous understanding andRead MoreMy Literacy History And How It Has Been Developed Throughout Portions Of My Life915 Words   |  4 Pages As I think what literacy means to me, the most important thought that comes to mind is my understanding of it: the ability to read and write, I feel that without the ability to read and write, mankind is unable to properly function because there is no foundation for adequate communication. So literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Everyone has someRead MoreLiteracy Is A Important Skill Of Reading And Writing1102 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is no such thing as a child who hates to read; there are only children who have not found the right book.† Frank Serafini. Literacy is a very important skill in this modern world. No matter where we go, if we cannot read or write the language it can make things very difficult. Since the very day that we were all born, it was instilled upon us to learn to read and write our native tongue. If we do not have the skills necessary to do this, how will we ever learn and grow? Learning to read andRead MoreMy Experience in Design Class691 Words   |  3 Pages Reflecting on my personal experience in the design class, I personally realize that my knowledge about design was mostly of fashion, decoration and perhaps building or architectural designs. Reflecting on my personal voyage into the world of design. Not unlike any journey, some of my outstanding experiences come from teamwork, communication of ideas and the drive for perfection. Based on these, I am time and again confronted with inspirations and experiences taking me out of my comfort zones, changing

Genocide in Rwanda international response - 3465 Words

CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION In the course of a hundred days in 1994, over 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed in the Rwandan genocide. It was the fastest, most efficient killing spree of the twentieth century. My thesis is that the international community utterly failed to prevent and stop this atrocity. I will focus on numerous interconnected aspects that led to international inaction and also on the main actors, Belgium, the United Nations Secretariat, the United States and France, that knew that there was genocide underway in Rwanda - therefore, they had a responsibility to prevent and stop the genocide, but lacked political will. This led to inaction at the level of the Security Council (SC), where member states†¦show more content†¦International leaders had available means other than armed force, which could influence the conflict but decided not to use them. During the first weeks even simple actions, with almost no expense, could have saved thousands. Major donors of aid to Rwanda did no t ever threaten to withhold the financial assistance from a government guilty of genocide. Radio RTLM was communicating orders for the implementation of killings, naming persons to be killed and revealing areas for future attacks through the entire course of genocide. The broadcast stations could have been interrupted without military action. They discussed the idea shortly in the SC, but dropped it soon, because the traditional American commitment to freedom of speech, which was more important than disrupting the voice of genocide. Third cost-free action that could be done was imposing an embargo on arms to Rwanda, which only happened on May 17th, after almost two months of killing. The potential effect of these actions would also be weakened by continued French support of the interim government. Two weeks after the start of the massacres, governments refused to admit Rwandan delegation sent to justify the genocide – with exception of France. The Rwandan representatives were greeted in Paris at the highest levels and France officials offered help to genocidal government, on a condition to end bad publicity about the slaughter. France also helped to flee some of the perpetrators of the genocide later. WhenShow MoreRelated Compare and Contrast Between Rwanda and Darfur Genocide, from the Constructivism and Realism Perspectives1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe analysis of the genocides that took place both in Rwanda and Sudan’s Darfur region exhibit some similarities as well as differences. The character of violence was similar in both cases, but in Rwanda the violence was more intense, participatory, and extraordinary. The violence in these two places t ook place in an environment that had experienced civil wars. It was a period of political transition which was further aggravated by ethnic nationalism and a conflict of ethnic populations that wereRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide899 Words   |  4 Pageshold within them the lessons and wisdom that should be used to prevent similar disasters. The 1994 Rwandan genocide resulted in over 800, 000 deaths of the Tutsi people, at the hands of the Hutu; the genocide, and the international response to it, is a lesson about the humanitarian responsibilities, successes, and shortcomings of the United Nations. The events leading up to the Rwandan genocide began decades earlier. There has been a long history of â€Å"ethnic† tensions, though it is really a matter ofRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesApril 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the Twa, theyRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1069 Words   |  5 Pageswere accountability and reconciliation. To facilitate this in two different post conflict environments, two respective tribunals were established. These tribunals were known as the ICTY (The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, est.1993) and ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, est.1994) . The ICTY was formed to address the conflict in former Yugoslavia. The situation started when two of the six republics of Yugoslavia, Slovenia and Croatia, declared their independenceRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesRwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousands of deaths, the US did not intervene in Rwanda becauseRead MoreThe Rights Of Human Rights1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent nations, and the response concluded from the international institution, like the United Nations. As evident through the events in Rwanda, all members of the United Nation Security Council expressed their concerns and sadness about the human rights abuses in Rwanda by the Rwandan government, yet, when debating on the course of action, only a minority of the members actually supported humanitarian intervention in Rwanda. The violations on the principle of human rights in Rwanda were ignored as severalRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide Began On April 6Th 1994 Culminating1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide began on April 6th 1994 culminating in the killing of an estimated 800,000 Hutus and their sympathizers. After it became apparent that the Rwandan government was not willing or able to protect it s citizens, the question became why did the international community do nothing to intervene. Rwandan citizens’ lived under the premise, that their rights are protected under UN accords and treaties. The Genocide Convention of 1948, outlined the responsibilities of the participatingRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide History has a funny way of repeating itself. After World War II, the United States and the rest of the international community promised to do all they could to prevent future genocides. However this was a promise they were unable to keep. In 1994 when Rwanda went through genocide the United States and U.N were absent, leaving the Tutsis to be brutally murdered by the Hutus. As a consequence 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed and dumped into mass graves. Once againRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Maria Kizito And Hotel Rwanda Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Kizito and Hotel Rwanda are true accounts of two isolated events that took place in Rwanda during a genocide in 1994 where nearly one million innocent people lost their lives. Maria Kizito is a play that focuses mainly on the trial of a catholic nun, Maria Kizito, who was charged and found guilty of promoting and facilitating the murder of seven thousand refugees who sought shelter from Hutu extremist at a local c onvent (Kizito 178). Whereas Hotel Rwanda focuses on the life of Paul RusesabaginaRead MoreGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGhosts of Rwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aim

Does Parole Work Free Essays

Does parole work? That is an important question as it relates to criminal justice and more specifically community corrections. How do we measure if parole is working? One way is to look at the recidivism rate of parolees. This policy paper will take an in depth look at this question. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Parole Work? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, this paper will study the current parole policy, my policy recommendations, and finally my conclusion of this problem. Parole is a very important tool for criminal justice in the United States of America. But does this tool work in reducing reoffending by released prisoners. Statement of the Problem Does parole work? One way to measure this by looking at recidivism rates by paroled prisoners who are released after serving their time. The proper question should be, does parole work in reducing recidivism rates? In the U.S. Justice System, parole is a thoughtfully used community correction option (Walker, 2015, p.288). One way to look at this is politically. The two sides are the right or Republicans and the left or Democrats. The right said that high-risk predators are let go into society and the left stated that release outcomes were based on less than scientific standards (Walker, 2015, p.288). The left’s position was formed before sentencing guidelines were established (Walker, 2015, p.288). According to Samuel Walker, parole provided valuable tools to both inmates trying to get out and prison officials trying to get compliance from inmates. Parole was also a way to combat the ever-rising population in correction institutions (Walker, 2015, p.288). According to an Urban Institute study (2009) it queried, does parole work on reducing recidivism rates of released inmates? The answer after studying the statistics is it has little to no effect on re-offending or parole violations committed by former inmates (Walker, 2015, p.289). The Urban Institute study (2009) did not say the practice of releasing prisoners early or the idea of parole was a bad idea. However, they found there is no system of community corrections that performs better than another system (Walker, 2015, p.289). According to Christopher Zoukis (author and contributor for the Huffington Post), examining statistics of greater than 25,400 ex-prisoners released home-free or on community corrections during 2005 revealed 49.3% had been rearrested within eight years of release. The study included arrests for new crimes and for violating their conditions of parole. The ex-inmates that were released in 2005 included 31.7% that were convicted and 24.7% who were incarcerated again (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html). The re-arrest rates for released ex-inmates (52.5%) was greater than those released on probation (35.1%). According to the study, most released or paroled individuals committed new offenses within two years of their release at an average of 21 months (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html). Parole was meant to reintegrate prisoners back into society as productive members of society not as an opportunity to reoffend. This creates new victims and cost tax payers millions in the mechanizations of the criminal justice system (Zoukis, 2017). Current Policy Here is the current United States Parole policy as follows: Federal prisoners serving a sentence of less than thirty years prior to November 1987 can apply for an initial parole hearing within 120 days of being incarcerated. This can happen through an application process for eligible prisoners (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). According United States Department of Justice, D.C. Code offenders get a parole hearing sometime in the nine months before they become eligible for parole. The date is determined by the Bureau of Prisons. Inmates who get parole are given a date of release based on the parole release guidelines. These guidelines have been developed to make release decisions fair for all inmates giving credence to the system used (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Federal prisoners are entitled to interim hearings every eighteen to twenty-four months. The Parole Commission holds these hearings that are dependent upon the length of the prison term. During these hearings the Parole Commission must decide if there are enough positive or negative factors to legitimize changing the original release date (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). D.C. A review is done before the release date of each inmate. This is done to assess the prisoner’s record while incarcerated and they have met conditions of release (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Inmates are given a decision of their parole hearings by a Notice of Action. Federal inmates can appeal any parole decision if they feel that they have been treated unfairly by the Parole Commission. This appeal will trigger a subsequent review by the National Appeals Board (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). According to the United States Department of Justice, prisoners of the federal system let out on parole or through mandatory release must report to their parole officer upon release. Paroled inmates must follow a set of rules set-up to aid in supervision and keep the public safe. D.C. offenders let go are supervised by the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). If the parolee commits a new offense and/or violates the terms of their release, then the Parole Commission is contacted. The Parole Commission then puts out a warrant for the parolee’s arrest and the parolee is picked up. Finally, a hearing is called to rule on the allegations and if the parolee is found in violation of their terms of parole, they may be returned to prison to serve out the rest of their prison sentence (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Why is the parole policy and procedures not alleviating the recidivism rates of offenders? The main problem is that parole makes certain assumptions or predictions when releasing offenders into community corrections. When it comes to parole, the United States Justice system has been trying to predict who will be successful on parole since the 1920’s. Experts have tried out many formulas that attempt to predict what individuals will have success on parole. They hope these predicting formulas show who is ready to re-enter our society. These experts have had little success in predicting who is ready for release. The fact is that they are no closer today then they were in the 1920’s (Walker, 2015, p.290). According to Samuel Walker, Martinson and McKenzie stated that only particular programs work for certain inmates. Matching these inmates to the program that works best for them is a shot in the dark. Even using risk prediction instruments, like in California, is no more efficient than other programs (Walker, 2015, p.290). Policy Recommendations/Action Plan My policy recommendations are three-pronged. First, after the offender is released, the government should aid in employment. This would allow the offender to become a productive member of society and they would be able to earn a living. This would save the taxpayers millions by not having to pay for further incarceration. The next prong would be helping with housing for the first six months after release. Although this would cost the taxpayers, it would still be cheaper than housing them in prisons and the cost of all the procedures in the criminal justice system. Finally, therapy specific to an offender’s needs would be beneficial for the offender and basically everyone in our society. This would help provide mental tools to aid in rehabilitation. The biggest hurdle to implementing my recommendations would be how do you pay for it? I believe this would also cause political problems. Providing funding for government programs usually does create political push back. I believe policy makers would be on board for employment and therapy. I do not believe they would support the housing. Conclusion Does the United States parole policy work? When we release offenders on parole, is there a big difference in the recidivism rates versus that of offenders serving out their full term in prison? The answer is sadly no. The problem with all community corrections is that it creates a prediction problem. As we all know, predicting human behavior is at best fifty/fifty. I do believe the policy recommendations I made would help, but it is not one-hundred percent fool proof. It all comes down to free will and free choice. Works Cited United States Department of Justice. (2015). How Parole Works. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works. Walker, S. (2015). Sense and nonsense about crime, drugs and communities. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Zoukis, C. (2017, December 6). Report Documents U.S. Recidivism Rates for Federal Prisoners. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html. How to cite Does Parole Work?, Papers

Impression Sunrise Essay Research Paper Impression SunriseTowards free essay sample

Impression, Sunrise Essay, Research Paper Impression, Sunrise Towards the ulterior half of the 19th century, many creative persons were prosecuting new avenues in their artistic representations. They were perturbed at the stiff and constrictive ordinances of the Salon, and some creative persons decided to organize and independent exhibition. Cluade Monet and his friends founded the Soci? T? anonyme de artistes, etc. . . and continued to prosecute an option to the Salon. On April 15th, 1874 this group of creative persons held their ain show that straight challenged the authorization of the Salon. Finally, Monet and his co-workers became known as the Impressionists which stems from one of his plants that was displayed at the first show, Impression, Sunrise. This picture was barely recognized at the primier exhibition, but has since become a really important work. Monet had merely returned to Paris after the terminal of the Franco-Prussian War, and he felt that the state was in despairing demand of a revival of patriotism. We will write a custom essay sample on Impression Sunrise Essay Research Paper Impression SunriseTowards or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His picture, Impression, Sunrise, is a landscape of the avant-port of Le Havre which was the 2nd largest port in France. The word picture of a richly commercial location can be interpreted as loyal ode to a revitalized France. ? It shows a site that all Frenchmen would hold been proud of and seems to observe the renewed strength and beauty of the state. . . ? ( Tucker 157 ) . This canvas testifies to the metropolis? s economic and commercial art through advanced techniques that possess a sense of reclamation. These new methods of rendering an image became the anchor for a new art motion, Impressionism. In decision, Claude Monet and his companions were innovators in the field of art. Their counter positions of the traditional Salon led to new ground-breaking techniques for stand foring an image on a canvas. Their pictures at the first Impressionist Exhibition of 1784 contained unelaborated renditions and an unfinished feel which left some critics looking for more. In contrast, a figure of critics praised the Impressionists for their bold victory of a new art that embodied the rejuvenated land of France. A new art motion for a new France that began with the picture Impression, Sunrise.

American Literature Colonial Early National Period Flashcard

American Literature: Colonial Early National Period

Del Monte Essay Example

Del Monte Essay Example Del Monte Essay Del Monte Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Del Monte Tired of the unhealthy products, try us today! Say yes to the Best, Quality is Never Compromised. The rationale behind the specific type of advertisement was based the consumer need for high quality products that guarantee good health after consumption. The fruit juice market segment according to some consumers is filled with the presence of inferior products, which guarantee high quality and good health yet the lack the authenticity of the ingredients within these products. In addition, the mixed fruit segment was not fully utilized by the products and it proved to be a lucrative venture for the company. This is because consumers within the food market need products, which are diverse. The diversity is brought about by the integration of the various fruits within one product, which has a higher chance of appeal to the various ages of people from the old to the young. In addition, the various market segments denoted by the age groups need products that are different and provide nutrients, which are vital for the healthy development of the respective individuals. The presence of the oranges and lemons is a supplement source of anti-oxidants, which is vital in the body functions and aids in the formation of a healthy skin. What appeals to consumers is the ability to purchase more for less. The incorporation of the various fruits, which have varying nutritional benefits, could be termed as a bargain in terms of the prices charged for the Mixed Fruit Juice. In addition, the various colors brought about by the numerous fruits incorporated into a single product are appealing to the eyes thus attracting consumers to try the product. In addition, the product is necessary for the organization to maintain a strong foothold in the food processing industry and eventually attain or grow its dominance into the various market segments. Moreover colorful images appeal to the younger population who are fascinated by items with numerous colors. Hence, it will open up a new sales line with a likelihood of growth into providing food products for the youngest generation and the older populations. Work Cited Del Monte Foods. Del Monte Logo.2012. Web.18 May 2012.delmonte.com Gavric, Mitar. MixedFruit.2012.Web.18 May 2012.

Data privacy in online business (using the example of Amazon.com) Dissertation

Data privacy in online business (using the example of Amazon.com) - Dissertation Example The range of opinions regarding the Amazon.com privacy policy ranges from positive to apprehensive and negative. The evaluators generally felt that overall the policy is fair, with some exceptions. The opt-out policy for sharing private information with other third parties is unclear. According to some evaluators, the consumer is given the impression that Amazon.com does not welcome comments or questions regarding their privacy policy. The link to the policy on each page of the Web site is very small and located at the very bottom of the page, some of which are quite lengthy. In addition, the consumer is instructed within the policy that they are accepting the privacy policy practices just by visiting Amazon.com. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction Introduction The Internet provides a new means to transmit information over networks. Information can be delivered quickly and economically anywhere. Its ability to increase access to information and entertainment resources has att racted many people. The Internet has become a major source of global information and a marketplace for commercial transactions. It is now spreading a variety of activities quickly and widely. The Internet is particularly attractive to service providers who can use it to reach business partners and customers around the globe at minimal cost. Business companies can now conduct electronic commerce to buy and sell information, products, and services via the Internet. (Alesso & Smith, 2008). The Internet supports business transactions over a digital infrastructure/ and has become a virtual marketplace. This virtual marketplace has in turn become the focus of investments and business. The Internet is an efficient channel for advertising, marketing, and distribution of information goods and services (Schneider, 2006). It is estimated to reduce one fourth of direct marketing costs on the Internet (Donna et al., 2000). Online commercial practices become more efficient as marketing on the Web results in "10 times as many units [sold] with 1/10 the advertising budget" (Porter, 1994: p. 1). The growth of electronic commerce has been impressive. Entrepreneurs can not only communicate and make transactions with their partners through the Internet (the so-called business-to-business marketplace, or B2B), but they can also communicate, provide services, and/or sell products through the Internet to customers. The latter kind of transactions attracts attention because selling and marketing products on the Internet to customers offer several advantages that traditional media or communication devices cannot offer (Cheeseman, 2009). In addition, current technologies put Internet users' navigation and purchasing activities under the surveillance of the business companies they visited within their own Web sites. Those companies can collect personal information about the users, and then use or sell the information. The Internet therefore has become a perfect channel for direct sellin g, marketing, and advertising because it enables business companies and advertisers to reach potential targeted customers. Privacy Concerns The ability of firms to gather end-users' personal information and preferences raises privacy concerns. Several surveys and studies have shown that the public is concerned about their online privacy (Norris, 2001). Countries all over

Stroop effect experiment on bilingual students Research Paper

Stroop effect experiment on bilingual students - Research Paper Example It is not difficult to see the central importance of bilingualism, with an emphasized importance on English language acquisition, in today’s society. Although having English as the world language raises numerous issues about identity and power that need to be further investigated, the reality is that being bilingual – in both one’s native language as well as in English – is quickly becoming the norm. In an attempt to compete globally, countries are investing mass amounts of capital into establishing bilingual institutions of higher learning, in which English-speaking instructors are being enticed to move to some of the most remote and exotic places on the globe to educate children and adults in China and Cambodia and Oman, etc. Therefore, the discussion of how non-English speakers become proficient in a second language (L2) is pivotal in the educational community, which raises issues of recognition, comprehension, and stimuli that aid the brain in developi ng the connections that enable the interpretation and processing of foreign information. In an attempt to study how these connections are made, many linguists rely on the Stroop test, which serves to study the reaction time of a task. Applying this test to L2 acquisition provides invaluable insight which will enable language instructors to create learning environments that will aid language learners in transitioning from a basic or intermediate knowledge to an advanced fluency of the second language. J.R. Stroop has made an invaluable contribution to the history of experimental psychology, and his test has been utilized in a myriad of subject areas, from neuropsychology to affective disorders. The Stroop effect has been used to discuss frontal lobe function (brain patterns), the role of emotions on cognition, the speed at which individuals process and compartmentalize information, and the process of second language acquisition (Stroop Effect, 2010). The

Education in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education in Medicine - Essay Example Thus, evidently, education has become a mandatory requisite and is no more an option! One may ask, what are the benefits of obtaining education. The advantages accrued are many. Firstly, education bestows a good career and secure financial position. However laid-back one might be, if one possesses an educational background, he or she c an fall back on it at any point in life. It acts like a secure safety option, in turbulent times. It also guarantees us our bread and butter for life! Therefore, it is extremely important to possess a good educational background. Secondly, it helps a person understand the ways of the world. Education opens numerous doors and avenues for a person. For instance, a person, on receiving some amount of information about a particular disease through education can go no and read and learn about the disease from varied sources. Education opens up new horizons and displays a variety of options. As a child, one is taught numerous subjects. Thus, it helps one become well-versed and at least well-acquainted with all areas of life.

Bomb Calorimeter Experiment

Bomb Calorimeter Experiment Bomb  Calorimeter  Experiment There are different amounts of Calories in the types of food that you eat every day. So I  wanted to find out how many Calories are in three different kinds of nuts so,  I discovered the Bomb Calorimeter. I will be using the Calorimeter to find out the amount of Calories for the nuts. The purpose of this experiment is to find out how many food Calories are in a cashew, almond, and peanut. I will also be finding out which type of nut contains the most amount of Calories on average. A Bomb Calorimeter is a device that uses heat to find out how many Calories are in foods but in this case it will be used to find out how many Calories are in these nuts. There are two different kinds of calories the first type is a normal calorie with a lower case c that is the amount of energy needed to heat 1gram of water to 1 °F. The other type of calorie is with an upper case C,this Calorie is equal to 1000 normal calories and are called Kilo Calories or Food Calories. I believe that the cashew will contain the most amount of energy and Calories because of the oils that the cashew produces The bomb calorimeter is made up of a large and small tin can, a metal rod, a cork and a needle. I will also need a thermometer that measures in Fahrenheit, a food scale capable of measuring in grams, a measuring cup, and 10 of each nut. I used these materials to create the calorimeter by opening up the top and bottom of the large can and opening only the top of the smaller can. Then I hammered in 2 holes equal to each other in the bigger and small can. Then I stuck the metal rod through each of these holes. Then I opened up 8 holes on the bottom of the can and placed the blunt side of the needle into the cork. To do this experiment I poured half a cup of water (118 grams) into the smaller can and placed the nut on top of the needle. Then I lit the nut on fire and quickly placed the cans over the nut. I took the temperature of the water before and after I did the experiment to find the change in temperature which is an important part of my experiment. The variable for my experiment ar e: the type of nut as the Independent Variable, the amount of water used for each trial as the Dependent Variable, and the amount of Calories for each nut as the Constant Variable. Since the nuts were too light to weigh on their own I had to weigh all10 of the nuts at once and find the average. Then once I finished my experiment and found the difference in temperature for all the trials I found the average. Then to find the average amount of Food Calories I divided the change in temperature by the amount of water in grams . The average amount of Food Calories was: peanuts- 3.48, almonds- 3.642 and cashews- 6.36. In the end I had proved my hypothesis where I stated that the Cashews would have the most amount of Food Calories due to the amount of oil in the nut. Introduction Have you ever wondered how many Calories are in the types foods you eat every day? For this experiment I will be using use a Bomb Calorimeter which uses heat to find out the amount of Calories in the food item. The purpose of this experiment will be to find out how many Food Calories are in certain foods. I will be building my own Bomb Calorimeter out of tin cans and I will be testing out 3 different kinds of nuts. These nuts are almonds, cashews, and peanuts. The end objective of this experiment will be to find the average amount of Calories in each nut. Hypothesis/Research In this experiment I will not be eating the nuts but instead I will be using calorimetry. Calorimetry is the science of measuring through heat, in Latin the word calor means heat and metry means measure. Calorimetry is also the measurement of the amount of heat exchanged. Calorimetry can be used to find out home many Calories are in food. Calories are a unit of energy or heat that all types of food are sources of. In food, built in energy is measured in Calories. Calories with a capital C are called Food Calories and equal up to 1000 calories, a calorie with a lower case c is the amount of energy it takes to heat 1gram of water to 1degree Celsius. To find out the amount of Calories in the nut I will have to divide the change in degrees Fahrenheit by the amount of grams in the water. I will be testing this experiment 10 times for each of the three nuts I have chosen (peanut, almonds, and cashews). For this experiment I will place the nut into a metal container and light it on fire. As the nut burns another container that is filled with water will absorb the heat and its temperature will rise. It will most likely combust if I do everything correctly in the experiment. I believe that the cashew nut will hold the most energy calorie-wise because of its size and the amount of oil in the nut and in the outer shell of the cashew. Procedure Materials 10 cashews 10 peanuts 10 almonds A lighter Food scale that measures in grams Water Water container A measuring cup capable of measuring Yza cup A Large and Small Metal Can Can opener Hammer and nail Metal rod Thermometer Needle Cork 2 Variables Independent Variable- The type of nut for example cashews, peanuts, and almonds -nDependent Variabmount of water used for each trial Constant Variable he amouof Cries fo..i;a: £. nut , r†¢ Step-by-StepDirections Fill the container with room temperature water Insert the smooth end of the needle into the smaller end of the cork Use the can opener to open up the top and bottom of metal can Then wash and dry the can With the hammer and nail open up holes around the bottom of the large can With the can opener cut the top of the other metal can Then with the hammer make two holes down from the top of the can across each other Insert the metal rod into the two holes in the can Place the thermometer into the smaller can Then pour half a cup of water into the smaller can for every trial Take a nut and weight it in the food scale Write down the weight Then place the nut onto the sharp end of the needle Place the large end of the cork on a non-flammable counter-top Light the nut with a lighter Then quickly place large container with the smaller container hanging over the nut You repeat this for 10 more trials for each type of nut 3 Results 1   began my experiment with the almonds I had measured them altogether which came up to 15 grams. I had divided this number by 10 to get the average weight because the nuts were too light the average weight was 1.5 grams. The average time for the almonds came up to 2 minutes and 25 seconds. The almonds did not heat the water that much but they were the middle second highest heat with the cashews being filled with the most amount   of Calories. The almonds had averaged out to have 3.642 Food Calories per almond. Next I prepared the cashews to be weighted. Again the nuts were too light so I had to do an average and their   weight equaled to the weight of the almonds. The average weight of a cashew was 1.5 grams. When I placed the first nut on the needle and set it on fire the waters temperature began to rise only 13 seconds in. After I had finished with 5 trials the cork was basically burnt up and the top turned a grayish color. The cashews turned out to be the nut with the most amount   of Food Calories at an average per nut of 6.36. Lastly I ended my experiment with the peanuts. I weighed all10 of them together since these were also too light. The peanuts came up to 14.4 grams altogether. The average weight of the peanuts was 1.44 grams. I lit the peanuts on fire and placed the cans over them. The waters temperature began to rise 17 seconds in but only got up to l10 °F on average. The peanuts total amount of Food Calories was the least out of the three at around 3.48 per each nut. 4 5 Conclusion In the end of my experiment I proved my hypothesis correct. In my hypothesis I stated that the cashew would contain the most amount of heat which would turn into Food Calories after I did my calculations. Throughout the experiment I found out the difference between Food Calories and normal calories. A Food Calorie contains 1000 normal calories and that one normal calorie equals to one gram. Then one hundred and eighteen grams equals half a cup of water. I needed this to determine the amount   of Food Calories were in the nut. This experiment showed me that you can find out the amount of Calories in your everyday food using materials that do not cost a lot of money. If I were to do this experiment again I would exchange the nuts with another type of food. I would want to figure out what would happen if I were to use a potato chip. D1d ) c2os-e_O(off? wk[ do -ltu ,JC_J0 uVf-fbIcJ-o-/-o cufj-hJ:,(.sW? eooJ-f.ootVQ_kow   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e>c 6

Sigmund Freud :: Psychoanalysis Psychology

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud's revolutionary ideas have set the standard for modern psychoanalysis and his ideas spread from the field of medicine to daily living. His studies in areas such as unconsciousness, dreams, sexuality, the Oedipus complex, and sexual maladjustments laid the foundation for future studies and a better understanding of the small things that shape our lives. In 1873 Freud graduated from the Sperl Gymnasium and, inspired by a public reading of an essay on nature by Goethe, Freud decided to turn to medicine as a career(Gay, 10). He worked at the University of Vienna with one of the leading physiologists of his day, Ernst von Brucke, and in 1882 he entered the General Hospital in Vienna as a clinical assistant. After making several conclusions about the brain's medulla, Freud was appointed lecturer in neuropathology. At this same time in Freud's career, he developed an interest in the medical uses and benefits of cocaine(Britannica, 582). Even though some beneficial results were found in some forms of eye surgery, cocaine use was generally denied by the surgeons of his time. This interest in the narcotic hurt Freud's medical reputation for a time. This episode in Freud's life has been looked at as an example of his "willingness to attempt bold solutions to relieve human suffering(Wittels,98)." From 1885 to 1886 Freud spent nineteen weeks with Jean Martin Charcot, a world famous neurologist and the director of a Paris asylum. It was Charcot that first introduced Freud to the idea of hysteria and hysterics. Freud became intrigued by the idea of hypnotism as a method of therapy, but he was told that only hysterics could be treated with hypnotism(Appignanesi, 34). There was a firm belief that only women could be hysteric and that no man or non-hysteric woman could be affected by the use of hypnotism. Freud knew that hysteria could only develop where there is a degeneration of the brain, not just with women but with men too and that hypnotism could have an effect on normal people. Freud lost his interest in hysteria and hypnotism, but developed a liking of the psychoanalytic method of free association. This method encouraged the patient to express any random thoughts that came to the mind, which promoted a "stream of consciousness" that helped tap into the unconsciousness. The material that the patient said in this stream of consciousness was a link to the ideas of the unconscious mind that was normally hidden, forgotten or "unavailable to conscious reflection"(Freud, 47).

Draw detailed contrast between two accounts of Darwin’s killing of the fox, which you have read

Although they describe the same incident, these two texts differ not only in points of style and detail but also in terms of their respective authors' intentions. Charles Darwin, the eminent Victorian naturalist, describes his killing of the fox in his journal, which was probably aimed at a well educated audience including fellow scientists. Gitings's poem contains much more evocative language and imagery because the poet writes from a different perspective. Charles Darwin's â€Å"Voyage of the Beagle† is written as a prose text and is factual, formal, and written like a journal. In his passage he uses words like â€Å"theodolite† and â€Å"species† which suggests that the passage was aimed at a well educated audience partially his fellow scientists, as other people back then were less intelligent and wouldn't have known what those words meant. Another clue to suggest that it is meant for scientists is the use of the in parenthesis of â€Å"Canis fulvipes† which is the Latin term for a fox. Darwin's work was very important to him so in his journal he uses litotes like â€Å"knock† to make the killing of the fox sound less brutal, which helps keep the scientists on his side by not portraying him as a savage silent murderer, it also hides his embarrassment about killing the fox. His passage contains some irony as his work is based on the survival of the fittest and evolution, but when he kills the fox with his geological hammer it shows that he is only the fittest because he is armed with a weapon. But in the whole passage about the fox it contains a lot of ambivalence, as he wants to boast about how he was able to sneak up on the fox and kill it without it knowing, and about his new scientific find but he then uses words like â€Å"knock† to make it seem like he is not boasting. However Gitings's poem differs in many ways. Firstly it is a poem written in rhyming couplets with a lyrical flowing feel to it. He first begins off describing how the colour of the magnificent fox stands out from the craggy rocks of the island and then does out to personalise that fox by using â€Å"his†. For example â€Å"Round his haunches the brush curled†. This makes the audience feel for the animal like a human being rather than an animal. Throughout the beginning of the poem Gitings uses soft sounds like â€Å"se† sound in â€Å"ease† and â€Å"geese† to make the fox sound more innocent but when the humans arrive on the island he begins to use harsher sounds like â€Å"out† in â€Å"shout† to make the humans seem out of place and savage. At the beginning he also uses † The spear flight of a wedge of geese† symbolically, as to warn the reader of what is going to happen to the fox. Again later Gitings personalises the fox by describing the theodolite as â€Å"three-legged to their two†, this makes you see the humans and their equipment through the fox's point of view and make it simple like the fox would see it. Then when he gets to the point where Darwin kills the fox he uses â€Å"hiss† as a connotation which adds to the danger effect because hiss is generally associated with snakes. He describes the fox's eyes as â€Å"glazed to eternity because later when the real eyes have rotted away, it would be replaced with artificial eyes and then the fox would be stuffed and left in a museum, this makes you feel for the fox and makes you hate Darwin even more. Then to make us hate Darwin more he adds the line â€Å"And Mr Darwin, with a cough/ Scoops up the body and makes off† which shows us that Darwin doesn't care and that the fox is just another specimen for his theory ,and to show this he then uses the line â€Å"the fine mesh of his theory † which is a metaphor of â€Å"the animal trapped in the mesh† Just like the other poem this one contains irony as well :- Somehow will prove this nature's plan Selected by his larger skull To crack the other pitiful And far away the whole affair These four lines are meant to ridicule Darwin's theory of evolution as humans are only more dominant that other animals because of out technology which was fuelled by our thirst for knowledge. Yet Breeding all dilemma there. The animals of science have Invaded life. The wise and brave Are nothing or corrupted. Now The mushroom cloud begins to grow In these lines and the whole poem Gitings sees the killing of the fox as a poignant symbol for the future, because in the five lines above he explains how the human thirst for knowledge will lead us to destruction. He uses the A-bomb as an example; â€Å"the mushroom cloud begins to grow† because that is one of the dreadful things that humans have created because of knowledge. Both texts are different in many ways even though that talk about the same incident that happened. Darwin saw the incident as a triumph for mankind but Gitings saw it as the undoing of mankind so he uses everything he could to criticise Darwin and the killing of the fox. Connotation, metaphor, litotes, genre, prose text or poem text and even personification were many of the things that differed between the two poems.

Defining Homeland Security Example

Defining Homeland Security Example Defining Homeland Security – Coursework Example Defining homeland security Homeland security is a collective term that refers to the government’s effort to keep the country secure, safe and resilient against both acts of terrorism and other hazards. The Department of Homeland Security carries out the above mandate thereby safeguarding the country and its territories. The department does this by carrying out surveillance with the view to averting acts of terrorisms, responding to terror attacks thereby minimizing casualties. The department does the same to both natural and man-made disasters that threaten the security and safety of the homeland. The department carries out an extensive surveillance on the country and its territories. However, claims of extravagance coupled with ineffectiveness are rife. The department spends extensively in protecting the country from an external enemy who may not exists thereby leaving the homeland vulnerable to homegrown problems. Current trends in terrorism show that school shootings by Ame ricans among other similar incidences are on the rise. Additionally, excessive use of force by the country’s police service has caused tens of deaths thereby polarizing the country. As the population remains divided, the country remains vulnerable to both external and internal aggression.In order to enhance the security and safety of homeland, the department must adopt a holistic approach by investing in nabbing internal threats as well as it does on external aggressions. The department must adopt a multi-agency approach in the fight against terror in order to ensure that it keeps the country safe from both internal and external aggressions. The department of homeland security must work alongside homeland defense by sharing intelligence but limiting its operations to homeland (U.S Department of Homeland Security, www.dhs.gov). This way, the department will enhance its effort in enhancing the safety and security of the country thus increasing the efficiency of its operations.W ork citedU.S Department of Homeland Security. National infrastructure protection plan. Washington, D.C: Government printing office, 2009. Internet resource. www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf

National Stereotypes ESL Lesson Plan

National Stereotypes ESL Lesson Plan In a perfect world we would use national stereotypes less often. However, it is true that national stereotypes are used when discussing other countries and peoples. This subject often comes up in English classes and can be used to advantage to help ESL students reconsider their own use of national stereotypes. Use this lesson to encourage a healthy and open discussion of the topic, rather than shy away from the use of stereotypes in class. Stereotypes Lesson for ESL Students Aim: Discussion of stereotypes, explaining, improving character adjective vocabulary Activity: Discussion and comparison of national stereotypes Level: Intermediate to advanced Outline: Write the word Stereotype on the board and ask students what the word means. If students are unsure, help them by asking them to finish the phrase, All Americans... or something similar.Once students have understood the concept of what a stereotype is, ask them to mention a few of the stereotypes about their own country.Include a few provocative stereotypes of your own at this point in order to get students thinking about the negative or shallow aspects of thinking in stereotypes. Examples: American food is fast food or Americans love guns.Ask students to divide into pairs and choose two of the listed adjectives to describe each nationality. Tell them that they will need to explain their reasons for the adjectives provided.Go through the sheets asking different students to explain their reasoning for the adjectives they have chosen. Ask other students whether they agree or disagree to promote conversation.Once you have finished your discussion of stereotypes, ask students why stereo typing can be often be bad and which stereotypes of their own country or region they do not like. Ask them to explain why. As homework, have students write a short composition comparing their own region or country to another one. Ask them to include various stereotypes, as well as examples from their own experience that either confirm or refute the stereotypes they mention. Stereotypes Worksheet Prepare a worksheet with the content below to help your students further understand the concept of stereotyping. Choose two adjectives from the bulleted list that you think describe the nationalities mentioned below. Choose two countries of your own to describe. punctual              tolerantromanticrespectfulhard-workingemotionaloutgoingnationalisticwell-dressedhumorouslazysophisticatedhospitabletalkativesociableseriousquietformalaggressive  politerudearrogantignorantcasual American _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ British _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ French _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Japanese _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

Business Questions Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Questions Assessment - Essay Example The market value of an individual’s work determines ones income which dictates the consumption levels. In this system government role is limited and is based on individual innovation and the idea that hard work is rewarded. The businesses will thus exist to make profit and competition is the key element. The entrepreneur takes a great risk with his capital since he requires a full and free availability of information on the buyers and sellers which is not always readily available. However, they have the power to choose on how they want to spend their incomes. In addition to that, the free market economic system leads to the development of monopolies and oligopolies. It influences the production and the distribution of harmful goods and services such as drugs in the economy. It also leads to social income disparities thus widening the gap between the rich and poor. As a result of the major limitations observed in the laissez- fairre system, most countries choose to conduct thei r affairs in a mixed economy. This type of economic system encompasses both the government and privately owned corporates that work together to produce goods for the consumer and solve the economic problems. A mixed economy is considered to be more effective because of the involvement of the government. It is the public sector that will influence the prices of goods to go down through its control measures thus preventing inflation and protecting the consumer. Besides this, the government ensures that income is distributed equally throughout the states. This is achieved through heavy imposition of tax on the rich than on the poor and using such money to construct social amenities throughout the country. The government is also actively involved in the prevention of monopolies by pumping money to support other competing industries as well as obtaining much money from patent owners. Prevention of entry of harmful drugs is also the key role of the government and therefore it ensures that the masses are protected at all costs. The most accepted roles of the government will include the enforcement of property rights, definition of a law system, prohibition of fraud and punishment for prohibited practices (Fernando, 2007, p.297). The state ensures that all goods produced internally are well allocated to generate investments while the private sector is mainly concerned with profit maximization. In a private sector, technology is highly applied and the revenue gained is more than that in the public sector. It may translate to failure to pay taxes or tax evasion or even the engagement in illegal acts. It is therefore the duty of the government to ensure that all taxes are paid and that illegality is exempted. Therefore, most states tend to concentrate on the mixed economy since in such there is a balance between the ownership of resources which translates to a balance in investments. In most and both cases, there is gain to the parties involved and the roles in both corr espond and interact. Question Two Forces of demand and supply determine the price level of goods and services. The intersection of the two marks the equilibrium of both demand and

Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Liberalism - Essay Example Considering the diversity of international politics, comprehending why and how different things happen has been a nightmare for many people. Challenges of gender inequality, competition for power and choice for good leadership have contributed to political changes. Marxism, feminism and constructivism have been at the forefront in helping understand this confusion. Feminism is a school of thought look at international politics as a contest between male and female genders. According to the ideology, the dominance of men in the field of politics has done more harm than good. Based on feminism, conceptions of masculinity have shaped state identity, security and foreign identity leaving out women. Feminism, therefore, champions for empowering women for greater results. Constructivism is a dominant discourse that regards things as naturally streamlined from a historical and social perspective. According to the theory, the international politics has inevitable consequences not dependent on material forces. The optimistic view gives attention to identities, goals, threats, and fears to understand the evolution of aspects like military affairs. Based on the other wars in Syria, Egypt as well as Middle East are not by chance but constructed. Last but importantly, Marxist approach gives more weight to economic and material aspects of development. In the United States; however, political influence out way economic comprehension. According to Marxism, economic theories determine the political status quo.

Economics Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Issue - Essay Example Korea as well as India may take the initiative of lessening tax rates for addressing and mitigating the above stated issues by a considerable extent. Based on the journal, which mainly depicted one of the problems facing by the economies across Asia concerning about diminishing inflation rates, it can be affirmed that then above nations must remain quite vigilant in keep the inflation rates under greater control. This might aid in attracting the investors and also the other stakeholders to take necessary and appropriate measures about solving such a crucial economic issue (Wright, â€Å"Economies across Asia Face Falling Inflation Rates†). With this concern, the essay intends to address the aforesaid economic issue with determining its impact on the economies and identifying the measures to address and mitigate such a crucial economic issue. In relation to Asian countries, Japan took the initiative of lessening consumer expenditures and making substantial investments for mitigating the problem of dipping inflation rates. In recent times, Japan experienced the crucial concern of rising prices in the form of monetary as well as fiscal stimulus. In this particular scenario, the economists anticipate that the inflation will fall below at certain rates in future. Apart from Japan, the inflation rate in Indonesia can also be apparently noticed below 8 % at the end of the year 2013 and the economists expect that inflation rate will be higher in subsequent years. This might be due to the reasons of increased level of globalization, gaining momentum of internationalization and most importantly increased level of customers’ expenditures among others (Wright, â€Å"Economies across Asia Face Falling Inflation Rates†). As per the article presented in Wall Street Journal, it can be ascertained that the respective governments of Asia have mainly relied on the debts for

Recession in American economy Essay Example for Free

Recession in American economy Essay The economic meaning of the term recession is, â€Å"A period of economic decline in a Country, characterized by reduced trade and industrial activity, production decline and increased levels of unemployment. It normally lasts between one and two quarters consecutively†, (Tremblay; 2007). In the US, incidences of recession have occurred since 1854. This paper, seeks address the reasons for recession in the US, with reference to the principles of consumer behavior and the firm as a whole. Observers were not expecting an incidence of recession this time round. Most observers have been persuaded to expect moderate economic growth rates in the US, of about 2 to 3 percent and a moderate inflation of around 2 percent (George. S, 2008). This is due to the fact that the US economy has proved to be the most resilient in the world. They however (the observers), have good reasons to back their predictions; 1. They have placed their hopes on relatively stimulative monetary policy to keep consumption and investment spending up and expect the worst of the housing decline to be over. 2. With stock prices making new highs, some point out that presidential and stock market cycles are favorable to higher stock prices since investing during 27 months before a US presidential election has proved in the past to be more Profitable than investing during 21 months after elections. In the October 16th issue of Headwinds, 2007 for the US economy, it is explained that macro-economic conditions make it a matter of months before the US economy and the dollar begun to experience some downward pressure (recession). This is probably the time for this recession. The US is the country with the highest gross domestic product (GDP) in the world, with a GDP of $13 trillion . This has however reduced in the recent past. Employment levels have also declined. Production levels have gone down owing to cut-throat competition from emerging world producers like China and other Asian Countries. An attempt by the households to save more from a given income led to the decrease in actual amount they succeeded to save-paradox of thrift, (Lachman, 2008). Different reasons can however be put forward to explain the causes of this recession; 1) The outgoing administration’s short term reaction that they gave the economy before the 2004 and 2006 elections through a combination of large tax cuts and large increase in military spending. This ended up being a waste as billions of dollars were spent on a futile war (Trembley, 2007) 2) Record budgetary and current account deficits have severely neutralized the federal monetary policy attitude, because interest rates cannot be reduced substantially for fear of a collapse of the US dollar from the federal budgetary deficits as they are being reigned on. (Lachman, 2008) 3) With all this taking place at the same time that the construction industry is in disarray and housing prices have tapered off or are declining. Be that as it may, it is important to note that home ownership is more widespread than stock ownership; slightly more than two thirds of Americans own their homes, while less than half own equities. The objective of the households is to maximize utility. By spending more on home ownership than on stocks, utility is attained quickly and it is within the consumers budget space (Ingdahl, 2008). 4) This rules the question of how long the American consumer will keep up the high pace of spending in such a context. During the years of the housing boom, consumer spending was driven by the accumulation of wealth and record consumer indebtedness, most of it in the form of mortgages as the price of houses increased. Now that the reverse is occurring and banks and other loaners are reclaiming property for unpaid debts, a retrenchment in consumer spending cannot be ruled out (Trembley, 2007). 5) Protectionist push from the Democrat controlled congress, risks putting in jeopardy the flow of capital of about $2 billion a day that the US economy is borrowing from abroad (mainly from China and Japan). Trade frictions between the US and China could force banks to raise interest rates and not lower them. In any case, the banks would not lower the interest rates as expected to make up for the housing crisis (Trembley, 2007). 6) Collapse of one and possibly several major financial institutions under the pressure of bad loans and record foreclosures (take possession of somebody’s property usually because they have not paid back an agreed part of the loan). Particularly at risk is the sum $2. 5 trillion mountain debt concentrated in sub primes and loans. One major sub prime lender, (New Century Financial) filed for bankruptcy protection. Others are likely to follow suite because 2007 was the year when a large number of sub prime real estate locus had to be renegotiated at higher interest rates. Foreclosures rate is bound to shoot upwards. This will culminate in the next few years into a financial hurricane (Trembley, 2007). 7) The seventh and final reason is a geopolitical factor. The outgoing US administration has created some tension between the US and some countries in the Middle East. The Middle East, is the world’s largest oil producing region. In the coming years, the world economy will have to adjust to a peak in oil production and higher prices after the current lull. Geoplitical mistakes made by the outgoing administration have turned the richest oil producing region into a hot war zone making the US economic situation disastrous (Lachman,2008). The above listed reasons shed some light on why the US economy could be undergoing some kind of recession. They however do not provide a conclusive explanation or reasons as to why the American economy could be in recession. Unlike other forecasts, one can only tell when recession started and ended after it has ended. The determination of recession is left to the National Bureau of Research (Campbell. R. M Stanley. L. B, 2005). However, it is possible to tell whether or not the economy is in recession by looking at past cases of recession. The great depression was the worst economic slump ever in the U. S history. It began in 1929 and lasted for close to a decade. Just like a recession, many factors led to the great depression; however, the main cause for the great depression was a combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920’s and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part of the same decade. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U. S and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920’s kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes, (Gusmorino, 1996). Almost eighty years later, the U. S might be facing the same situation though not as severe as it was then. Wealth disparities are all over the world today. Although the worst cases are not experienced in America, cases of unequal distribution of wealth are still in America. As mentioned earlier, the American household does not invest much on stocks but in acquisition of homes. Speculations in the stock market are relatively high though not as high as it was then. It is not easy to conclude that the American economy is in recession. Whether or not there is a recession, depends on both on actual economic activity and economic analysis in the future. The facts as they are right now, show that the American economy is in recession. REFERENCES. Campbell, R. M. Stanley, L. B. (2005). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Gusmorino, P. A. (1996). Main causes of the Great Depression. Washington: Planet Press George, S. (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means. Chicago: Public Affairs. Furchgott, D. (2007). The Great Recession of 2008. New York: An over view of the US economy, (22) 9:31-35 Ingdahl, W. (2008). Global Financial Markets Want an Immediate, Bold, and Coordinated Policy Response. New York: London Press Lachman, D. (2008). What can global policymakers learn from the Swedish financial crisis of the early 1990s? Washington: US economic crisis, (31) 11:67-90. Trembley, R. (2007). A Slowdown or a Recession in the U. S. in 2008? Carlifonia: Global financial crisis, (14)6:101-143.

What Is Street Art Cultural Studies Essay

What Is Street Art Cultural Studies Essay Over the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in a transient form of art that is marking urban settings around the world and has developed a thriving culture. Street art is becoming a formless creature embracing art which is found and inspired by the urban environment. Some people consider this kind of art as controversial and offensive, although on the other hand others find it appealing and attractive. By nature, humans are expressive; they have been drawing on walls since the beginning of humanity. Street art is an ancient art form in a more complex society which requires no formal artistic training or schooling and that in itself makes it so globally appealing for any person regardless of their background to express themselves in ultimate freedom. The use of media has evolved but the message has always remained the same which always translates into freedom. Some people consider this very disturbing, while others find it beautiful. Whether it is interpreted as vandal ism or public art, it attracts interest around the world. Street art today and what it has evolved into is part of our pop culture whether people understand it or not. Clothes, shoes, toys, and more are influenced by street art on a daily basis. To some people, this is beautiful as long as is not being seen on their buildings and walls. As soon as they see it on a wall, they consider it as vandalism. This essay explores this long issue by researching the world of street art. Hopefully by the end of this essay a general conclusion will be extracted about how people react, feel and think about this way of expression but also what the society and the authorities could possibly do about it. The research for this project included an online survey that was answered by ninety six persons of different ages and nationalities. Chapter 1 What is street art and who are the artists that represented it? Street art is any type of art created outside in public view and is usually connected with social and political meaning. There are many different types of street art such as graffiti, sticker art, stencil, wheat pasting-street poster art, falsification of a street sign or an advertisement. Toward the end of the 1960s and in the beginning of the 1970s, children started writing their nicknames on walls, mailboxes and even in tubes and this came to be known as tagging. As hip hop culture spread from America, street art became a worldwide phenomenon growing in the 1980s as the symbolic language of the young population. It was then that street art became legally restricted and a conflict started between artists and the authorities. Even though this divergence arose, street art was widely spreading around the world during this decade and artists were adding more colours, different styles, creating or drawing comic heroes and imaginary faces. In addition, it attracted the attention of media, thus movies and magazines about street art begun to publish. Although street art is being used by many people, not all of them do it for the same reasons. There are artists that use street art as a mean to express themselves while others use it to communicate or raise awareness for social and political issues. Simply put, people see the empty spaces of the city as a blank canvas and want to be creative with the use of humour while others are more willing to take the risk of creating some sort of an illegal art. In some cases street art is being used as a mean of a memorial to a fellow man or a great artist that passed away. Through their work, artists aim to communicate with everyday people without the intent to offend or create a conflict but rather to create a connection with the general public through their artwork. There are many ways in which the types of street art can be graded, while some are considered as simple drawings on a wall, others are classified as actual works of art, depending on whether the artist was given permission to create it. The techniques used remain the same but having permission to express it changes the whole meaning since without any permission it is simply considered as vandalism. Vandalism is described as an inexcusable destruction of property, showing to have negative effects on its setting. Criminologists have also observed that vandalism has a snowball effect on causing negative effects in its surrounding environment. Dr. George Kelling and Dr. James Q. Wilson have studied the effects of a broken window case, a disorder in an urban setting and concluded that even one instance of neglect can lead to the possibility of more incidences like that one to appear. Furthermore, an increase in actual violent crimes led researchers to the conclusion of a direct link between street violence, vandalism and the decline of the society (Broken window theory) (Art Radar Asia, 2010). Whichever way is referred as, vandalism or art, this way of expression has been a worldwide phenomenon as well as the artists that represent it. There are hundreds of street artists whose work and projects made this type of art one of the most debated issue in the world of art. With their own unique way, they have managed to spread this phenomenon all over the world and put themselves on the map just by doing what they like. Using their skills and imagination they have found a way to express themselves and offer some people the chance to embrace something really beautiful and not to see it as something that others consider vandalism. Nevertheless, these refined artists have attracted the interest of the world. Keith Haring was one of the first street artists and consequently, responsible for the spread of this kind of art. Haring was studying to be a commercial graphic artist but after two semesters in the Ivy School of Professional Art in Pittsburgh he realized that he only had little to no interest in that, so he dropped out. He kept working and studying on his own, but choosing to move to New York and enrol in the School of Visual Arts, came as an inspiration to work on an alternative outside landscape of creativity. He was first inspired by an empty black panel that was used for advertising. Haring thought that it was a perfect place to draw on so he went after to buy a box of white chalk from a card shop and he started to do so. The white chalk was perfect on the black paper and thats why following that, he kept drawing on all of the black spaces that came to his attention. People seemed to show respect for what they saw and surprisingly did not try to mess it up. The subway pictures evolved into a new medium of communication as the images created travelled the world through magazines and television. He was immediately actively involved in the city of New York and the hip hop scene including rap music, break dancing and graffiti. This kept on going for the following five years showing that it was reaching all kinds of viewers from various social and ethical backgrounds (David Sheff, 1989). Banksy is another well-known street artist whose work is responsible for the popularity of street art as it is now. Despite the fact that he is from Easton, his artistic home is the streets of London. He began his career as a graffiti writer and later on he progressed to the use of stencils because it was quicker to apply and on effect it created a harder impact, which has always been essential for his work. In his mind he cannot accept the fact that this kind of art could work indoors as he likens it with the domestication of an animal- turning a wild creature into a sterile and languid pet. He believes that this is an outdoor art and should remain as it is even though some people get a lot of comfort from being indoors. It is very different to paint in the street having to capture a burst of adrenaline enhanced by the thought of being arrested rather than to do it in a cosy studio while drinking coffee (Ossian Ward, 2010). It seems like for some people the search for inspiration goes beyond their limits. Maybe the people who steal graffiti off walls are on to something the edge is still there. But those people are funny they ask me for a letter of authentication saying I painted a certain piece, but thats basically a signed confession on headed notepaper. (Ossian Ward, 2010) C215 is a French artist who started drawing as a teenager in the city of Orleans in France and now he paints portraits worldwide. He has a special technique in which he makes the stencils by hand without the use of computer. His work can be seen around the world in many cities such as Rome, Barcelona, London, and Berlin. C215 uses stencil because as he says the stencil allows him to combine his two passions, drawing and graffiti. He mostly paints people who experience the life of being in the street such as refugees, tramps and street kids. The great philosopher Heraclitus said: No man ever steps in the same river twice. Similarly C215 believes that no one can compare every life event and every period to anything else because they are unique (Vincent Morgan, 2009). Jerome G Demuth is a street artist from Paris. G is the nickname he uses for his activities in the streets. He was a photographer and now he found a way to show his work in the streets using large scale technical print like a photo placed on a billboard. Pasting a photo on a billboard was actually the first thing he did nine years ago. He tries to illustrate the way he sees life and society. Through his work he wants to raise peoples awareness about respect and love for earth and other humans instead of caring only about money and success. In general, he tries to show them that they could have an alternative way of life. One of his most well-known projects is the installation of swings in many cities and calls them Swing Cities. Another street artist is Ink 187 or also known as Oiler, coming from Los Angeles, California. The nickname Oiler as he says is due to the fact that he is too slick. He is a tattoo lover and thats why he is called Ink. 187 is in a memorial for a friend of him. Oiler is a graffiti artist and through his work, expresses his feelings and emotions. After being expelled from the state of California due to graffiti presence, Oiler became a mentor for young artists in North Portland and tries to help them practise their art legally. Putting his past behind him, he hopes for a better life and future. He tries to keep his graffiti on t-shirts and paper hoping to start a career in fashion. He has on his mind that if artists use their talents legally, street art could become profitable. It does not matter where they are from and what techniques they use. Street artist just want to share their thoughts and believes. Others do it for their social concern and others for their own personal satisfaction. Nevertheless, they do not want to offend anyone with their work, rather than to raise their attention towards its prosperity. No matter what happens there will always be a conflict between people concerning street art. Most importantly, there will always be people against this type of art. Chapter 2 How do people and society perceive street art? Todays youth uses street art to portray their social and political views. In order to make their mark, artists choose high traffic areas to express themselves in order to spread their messages broadly. The reason is that by displaying a unique artistic creation people cannot miss it as they walk by, thus it serves their cause efficiently. They could easily use a social network to express an idea but unquestionably that is not as effective as street art. Over the recent years, it came to be as a form of communication. Since young people are not as interested in the news, the modern urban feel of street art combined with its awareness of political and social changes makes it perfect for almost everyone. Some people even though they enjoy street art, they do not agree with it when it expresses political views. They prefer to see something entertaining and humorous instead of a message containing political views. In some neighbourhoods, sometimes gangs use street art in order to mark their territory or their crews power and status. They mark their territorial boundaries as a warning to other gangs as well as to the police. Sometimes a gangs graffiti sign or symbol may also be a memorial to a fellow fallen gang member. Because of the connection between gangs and street art, it has stereotyped the art and influenced society to relate it particularly with street violence and crime. However, the last couple of years, people have been accepting this type of art and the majority enjoys seeing it. They believe that living in a neighbourhood where street art is being displayed shows the uniqueness of every place, its identity. Grey bowing buildings are transformed into something alive and admirable. Even when a person sees street art outside his window, it has an effect on his mood. It can create a warmer atmosphere which at the same time can create a feeling of being somewhere different, a better, m ore desirable place. On the other hand, some people say that they do not like it in their neighbourhood. According to their views, it states a sense of anarchy, violence and moreover destroys the appearance of buildings, parks and streets. This of course depends on what the artist creates. (see appendix 4) It makes sense when the members of the community get angry when vandals deface their properties, homes and public spaces making it clear that an effective approach to manage street art should incorporate the removal of unwanted or even offensive wall paintings. Nevertheless, the zero tolerance policy is self-contradictory. Many young artists experience frustration and disappointment towards the criminalisation of their art and as a result they rebel against the local authorities, perpetuating more illegal creations (Moo, E. Wardle, F. Lyons, S. Heim, J. Wodds Alum, E. 2009). Paintings expressed on walls are not equivalent to the paintings hung on the walls and this is apparent by how street art is perceived by the general population. The act of taking the street art from the outside of a building and placing it inside of a building completely changes the work from anarchy to artistry and consequently vandalism gains value. There is a substantial increase in people who believe that street art should be displayed in indoor places. Some though may argue that by doing this, the meaning of this particular art changes completely. Nowadays the number of people visiting galleries is decreasing and even less of them have the funds to organise a gallery exhibition. This is one of the reasons why these artists have turned public walls into their canvases in order to express themselves and even evolve their skills, which could not be done on an average piece of canvas. It could be seen as a privilege to the society that so many people are given the opportunity to vi ew such works of art free of charge. Some people find it as a nice vibrant change after seeing hundreds of generic bland advertisements on a daily basis. As soon as street art crossed over from criminal to commercial, it stopped being an expression and became an industry of its own. The street art has started receiving international approval in the latest years with artists, such as the mysterious Bansky, selling their creations at Sothebys for huge amounts of money. Nowadays, prestigious galleries exhibit street art and collectives have been formed in many cities all over the world. Several books have published the colourful displays of public art which has reached critical mass around the world, even though it is still considered illegal as a form of expression and a street crime (Lonely Planet, 2010). There is a correlation between the artistic approach of the artists and the cities concerns as it helps the culture programming for attracting the tourists, aids in the institutional communication of social action in poor neighbourhoods and informs about the local economy. Huge events attracting impressive crowds are developing street art and contribute to the European Capitals of Culture success. More than 100 000 people from Porto, Graz, Brussels and Copenhagen are drawn to these events as Lille has recorder approximately 600 000. They are mostly happening in the city centres while other areas and rural zones also have a social and spatial integration call on street art. These artists usually work in abandoned districts or problematic places such as former factories, participating in linking territories and developing their projects in areas with little access to cultural events and products (Fitzcarraldo, 2007). An artist can paint the Mona Lisa on the front of a house and even though it can be considered as art by most people, according to the law its vandalism. Thus, reform comes into play and various actions can be taken to help legitimise street art. In order for this to happen, the government would need to cooperate with the general public and create a non-profit organisation which works to protect specific public spaces as well as graphic festivals could be organised and designated areas for artists to express themselves could be given. In contrast with the societal views regarding street art, many benefits were raised that are usually ignored. As any kind of art, similarly, street art is an expression of the artists feelings and emotions. There are no legal opportunities for these young artists to create, develop and exhibit their work which is clearly and fundamentally a kind of art and not vandalism in action. Society should accept this form of art and protect it before the situation becomes worse. Street artists want to be considered, recognised and respected as artists (Rae Ferris, 2008). Chapter 3 Survey findings and analysis For the needs of this essay a survey was completed by the public. In the survey there were questions asking peoples opinion about street art in relation to their educational level, age, gender and the place they grew up. Due to the fact that each country deals with this issue differently, people may respond differently as well. Also their age and level of education is important since, it is possible to affect their opinion. The results obtained from the survey were analysed by SPSS. Interestingly, the results show that most of the respondents find this way of expression entertaining, beautiful and appealing to the eye rather than offensive and violent. (See appendix 1) On a question about whether street art should be displayed in streets most of the answers were positive. Nevertheless, it can be seen on appendix 2 that less people think it should be displayed in indoor places. They believe that street art should be displayed in its original environment. The age group thirty to thirty-nine, answered that they do not have a strong opinion about this kind of art being displayed in streets, but they strongly disagree with the idea of being displayed in indoor places. Furthermore, results showed that people between the ages of thirties-thirty nine disagree with street art that expresses political views but they agree with it when it expresses the artists him/herself. According to the findings displayed in appendix 3 younger people and people between the ages of forty to forty nine agree with street art displaying political messages. In the question whether people agree or disagree with graphic festivals being organized and designated areas for artists to express themselves being created, most people agree. By giving the artists a place to do whatever they feel, will reduce the unwanted. (see appendix 5) Overall, the feedback that was extracted from the survey was really positive and in most cases it can suggest that no matter what their age, gender, level of education or nationality people feel the same way about street art. Conclusion Art or vandalism; street art can be considered as both, due to the fact that is done on a public property which is more likely to offend anyone out there. However, there is no doubt that these people both influence and express the feelings of many other people in the society. This is the reason that there is great centralisation in each event they organise and the support they get from all over the world (Bret McNee, 2009). The definition of what is considered as art can be argued to no end but the government cannot define what that is yet, therefore street art requires social acceptance through legitimacy to be accepted as art. These street artists do not aspire to change the definition of their artwork but rather question the existing environment around them in their own language. Through their works, they aim to communicate with everyday people about socially relevant issues without any intention to offend or to create a conflict but rather make a connection with the general public through their artwork. People can argue for or against street art over and over again without coming up with a worldwide acceptable decision. There will always be disagreements. That is what makes street art interesting. It cannot be held, but it can be seen everywhere. It cannot be bought but it is often used to sell everything. Art is created to be seen and enjoyed, debated and discussed. Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 References

Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: The Fake Holden :: Catcher Rye Essays

Fake Holden in The Catcher in the Rye  Ã‚   In The Catcher in the Rye, a boy named Holden Caulfield is faced with the obstacles of both society and life as he struggles to find direction as well as his relationship with the world. From page one, the reader can both understand and relate to what Holden has to say about the society in which we live and the way in which people in that society govern themselves. The more we read the more we identify with Holden Caulfield. It seems like the typical, adolescent dilemma: How do I find my place in this life? Well, in most respects, Holden is not unlike the typical teenager. He, too, is on his own quest in order to find himself. He needs to find acceptance. Going to school at Pency, Holden becomes the manager for the fencing team. In doing so, he tried to gain friends as well as social status within his peers. Even then the whole team ostracized" (pg. 3) him. Like most teens at that age, Holden was having trouble gaining acceptance and making friends. It seems like the typical, adolescent dilemma: How do I find my place in this life? Well, in most respects, Holden is not unlike the typical teenager. He, too, is on his own quest in order to find himself. He needs to find acceptance. Going to school at Pency, Holden becomes the manager for the fencing team. In doing so, he tried to gain friends as well as social status within his peers. Even then the whole team ostracized" (pg. 3) him. Like most teens at that age, Holden was having trouble gaining acceptance and making friends. I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It's awful. If I'm on my way to the store to buy a magazine, even, and somebody asks me where I'm going, I'm liable to say I'm going to the opera. It's terrible. (pg.16) Holden's ability to lie is one of the first traits that he reveals about himself. He takes pride in saying that he is a good liar. His inability to have normal conversations and relationships is possibly one of the factors that has him shunned by his peers. Holden's insecurity is one of the reasons for his compulsive lying. This, in turn, is why he can't find his place in the world.

Panic Attack Outline Essay

I. Introduction A. Panic Attacks are a form of Anxiety characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms. B. Panic Attack disorder affects about 6 million American adults and is twice as common in women as men. (Huppert) C. Panic Attacks often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood, but not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder. II. Thesis Statement A. Panic Attacks can occur at any time, even while sleeping. B. I would like to discuss this disabling condition and how most people go undiagnosed and untreated. (Ebell) III. Body A. Many people have just one or two panic attacks in their lifetimes, and the problem goes away, perhaps when a stressful situation ends. 1. But if you’ve had recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and spent long periods in constant fear of another attack, you may have a condition called panic disorder. 2. Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia, in which people experience seemingly out-of-the-blue panic attacks. a. Sometimes they develop a fear of going into places where they have had previous panic attacks. About one in three people with panic disorder develops agoraphobia. b. They stick to places they consider safe, and avoid public places (such as malls, trains, and stadiums) where escape may be difficult. c. Some people develop a fixed route or territory, and it may become impossible for them to travel beyond their safety zones without suffering severe anxiety. (A.P.A.) B. Panic attacks were once dismissed as nerves or stress, but they’re now realized as a real medical condition. 1. Although can significantly affect your quality of life, treatment can be very effective. 2. A person with panic disorder may become discouraged and feel ashamed because he or she cannot carry out normal routines like going to the grocery store or driving. Having panic disorder can also interfere with school or work. C. Panic attacks typically begin suddenly, without warning. 1. They can strike at almost any time — when you’re driving the car, at the mall, sound asleep or in the middle of a business meeting. 2. Panic attacks have many variations, but symptoms usually peak within 10 minutes. You may feel fatigued and worn out after a panic attack subsides. a. Panic attacks typically include a few or many of these symptoms: Sense of impending doom or danger, fear of loss of control or death, rapid heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, chills, hot flashes, nausea, abdominal cramping, chest pain, headache, dizziness, faintness, tightness in your throat, and trouble swallowing. b. One of the worst things about panic attacks is the intense fear that you’ll have another one. You may fear having a panic attack so much that you avoid situations where they may occur. You may even feel unable to leave your home (agoraphobia) because no place feels safe. (Iacoviello) IV. When to see a doctor. A. If you have any panic attack symptoms, seek medical help as soon as possible. 1. Panic attacks are hard to manage on your own, and they may get worse without treatment. 2. And because panic attack symptoms can also resemble other serious health problems, such as a heart attack, it’s important to get evaluated by your health care provider if you aren’t sure what’s causing your symptoms. B. Early treatment can often prevent agoraphobia, but people with panic disorder may sometimes go from doctor to doctor for years and visit the emergency room repeatedly before someone correctly diagnoses their condition. 1. This is unfortunate, because panic disorder is one of the most treatable of all the anxiety disorders, responding in most cases to certain kinds of medication or certain kinds of cognitive psychotherapy, which help change thinking patterns that lead to fear and anxiety. (Ebell) 2. First, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. Your doctor should do an exam to make sure that another physical problem isn’t causing the symptoms. The doctor may refer you to a mental health specialist. V. Causes A. It’s not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role: 1. Genetics. 2. Major stress. 3. Temperament that is more susceptible to stress. 4. Certain changes in the way parts of your brain function. B. Some research suggests that your body’s natural fight-or-flight response to danger is involved in panic attacks. 1. For example, if a grizzly bear  came after you, your body would react instinctively. Your heart rate and breathing would speed up as your body prepared itself for a life-threatening situation. 2. Many of the same reactions occur in a panic attack. But it’s not known why a panic attack occurs when there’s no obvious danger present. VI. Risk Factors A. Symptoms of panic disorder often start in the late teens or early adulthood and affect more women than men. B. Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include: 1. Family history of panic attacks or panic disorder. 2. Significant stress. 3. Death or serious illness of a loved one. 4. Major changes in your life, such as the addition of a baby. 5. History of childhood physical or sexual abuse. 6. Experiencing a traumatic event, such as an accident or sexual assault. (A.P.A) VII. Treatment. A. Psychotherapy, also called talk or behavior therapy, is considered an effective first choice treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder. 1. Psychotherapy can help you understand panic attacks and panic disorder and learn how to cope with them. 2. Cognitive behavioral therapy can help you learn through your own experience that panic symptoms are not dangerous. a. During therapy sessions, your therapist will help you gradually re-create the symptoms of a panic attack in a safe, supportive setting. b. Once the physical sensations of panic no longer seem threatening, the attacks begin to resolve. c. Successful treatment can also help you overcome fears of situations that you’ve been avoiding because of panic attacks. B. Medications (US DH&HS) 1. Medications can help reduce symptoms associated with panic attacks as well as depression if that’s an issue for you. Several types of medication have been shown to be effective in managing symptoms of panic attacks, including: a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). b. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). c.  Benzodiazepines. VIII. Prevention. A. There’s no sure way to prevent panic attacks or panic disorder. However, these recommendations may help. B. Get treatment for panic attacks as soon as possible to help stop them from getting worse or becoming more frequent. C. Stick with your treatment plan to help prevent relapses or worsening of panic attack symptoms. D. Get regular physical activity, which may play a role in protecting against anxiety. IX. In Conclusion A. Panic Attacks are very real and can happen to anyone at any given time. B. Be aware of yourself and everyone around you; never know when a panic attack can occur. Any Questions? Bibliography American Psychiatric Association (2009). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Available online: http://psychiatryonline.org/guidelines.aspx. Ebell MH. Diagnosis of anxiety disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Aug 15;78(4):501-2. Huppert JC, et al. (2009). Anxiety disorders: Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In BJ Sadock et al., eds., Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed., vol. 1, pp. 1915–1926. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Iacoviello BM, Mathew SJ (2010). Anxiety disorder. In EG Nabel, ed., ACP Medicine, section 13, chap. 1. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008). 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (ODPHP Publication No. U0036). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Website: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx.